People build buildings to have shelter. Buildings that are responsive to the climate, and built with local materials, are called vernacular architecture. Almost 90% of all buildings in the world, ordinary buildings built by people, are considered to be vernacular. Buildings built with local materials by local residents using built-by-hand construction methods create a lasting architecture that is specific to place and culture. Vernacular architecture provides shelter and comfort with the evolution of craft passed down through generations. Because local residents build using local materials, vernacular architecture inevitably expresses the culture of both the people and the area. Indigenous buildings, repeated over generations, become time-tested responses to local climate conditions as well. From igloos to bamboo houses, from stone cottages with thatched roofs to terraced, white concrete roof decks, people create shelter and comfort in unique structures in response to their location on the globe.
Activity 1 – a world of vernacular architecture
Vernacular architecture exists all around the world. Also known as indigenous architecture, it has different physical characteristics depending on its location. Walls in colder climates are usually heavy and thick with small windows to prevent heat loss. Buildings in hotter climates are generally made with lighter materials with wide door and window openings that encourage air movement. Draw or print a map of the world and color-code the different biomes, then research different shelter examples from the different biomes. Sketch examples of these shelters and notate materials used. Highlight unique, local materials in your drawing so that they stand out. Assemble everything into a poster using maps, notes, sketches and photographs. Be a world explorer.
Locate vernacular architecture around the world!
Activity 2 – vernacular architecture uses local materials
Vernacular architecture utilizes materials that are available locally. Using materials that are local and building with local labor is environmentally friendly; it cuts the distance materials need to travel, cutting down on the pollution created during transportation. For example: traditional homes in Central America are created from clay, which is abundant in the area. Adobe homes built in the southwestern United States are made from sun-baked earth. Vernacular architecture as a tradition is usually hand-made. Which materials are used where? Print a map of the world then research and collect images of homes from each continent. Make a material map of locally found materials used in vernacular architecture. Place a material map key on the world map to show the location of bamboo, grass, clay, wood, concrete and icehouses.
Locate local materials!
Activity 3 – vernacular architecture is in your neighborhood
For this exercise, research natural materials found in your area. What is produced nearby in your neighborhood, city or region? Is it wood, stone, brick, concrete, or mud? Once you have determined what materials are produced locally (or within a two hundred mile radius), take a walk around your neighborhood. Can you find these local materials in buildings? Are their similar materials or similar building types used in the structures around your home? Take pictures of 10 buildings that share the same characteristics of form and material and construction detailing and make sketches of them. Sketching allows you to study the building’s features closely. Paste the photographs and sketches side by side in your journal and compare what you have found! Many towns that are considered historical neighborhoods are valued for their use of local materials and consistent craft and detailing. Vernacular architecture helps to define the character of a place and differentiate from other places in different climate zones around the world.
Activity 4 – vernacular architecture is cultural expression
With the advent of modern technology, traditional building types are often torn down or lost to make way for new buildings. Since the 1950’s, when international trade became prevalent and different cultures became more friendly, architects have designed and built our homes with materials from all over the world. However, site specific architecture, or vernacular architecture, continues to be expressive of peoples’ traditions, beliefs and skills in craftsmanship. Search the internet and library books for a village, city or township that has preserved its original character, despite the advances of modern culture. This time, write about the architecture describing building forms, building type(s), materials used, particular climatic response and attention to detail, construction and unique cultural expression. Take a look at the amazing African Village of Tiebele, Burkina Faso and visualize the diversity in vernacular!
Describe this one of a kind area to share your knowledge with the world!
Activity 5 – Vernacular Architecture is Climate Response
Now that you know more about vernacular architecture, you may be surprised to learn that though it is old, it is also new. Vernacular architecture is sustainable not only because of its traditions and cultural importance heritage but also because it is exemplary of today’s ‘green building’ practices. Vernacular architecture is built to respond to the climate and availability of local materials. People build buildings with thick walls with little openings or windows in sweltering climates. In seaside communities with a lot of moisture in the ground, houses are raised on stilts. Buildings in regions with a lot of snow and rain usually have sloped roofs. How should your community build in response to weather? List five climate response strategies: material choice, roof shape, window size, and cross ventilation. You are on your way to becoming a 'green architect.’
Review
- Vernacular architecture is specific to place.
- Vernacular architecture is influenced by:
- Using local materials is more environmentally friendly than buying materials from 1000 miles away.
- There is only one form of vernacular architecture.
- Today’s architects can still learn from vernacular architecture’s place specific construction.
Explore
- Amos Rapport House, Culture, Form Slides
- ARCH DAILY 25 Vernacular Home Types
- BIO27 Super Vernacular MAO
- Center for Vernacular Architecture
- Chinese Vernacular Architecture
- Georgia’s Vernacular Architecture
- Green Home Building on Vernacular Architecture
- Houses Around the World
- House Stories Projects
- Hudson Valley Architecture
- India Vernacular Architecture
- Low Impact Woodland Home
- Mexican Vernacular Architecture is Disappearing
- Mongolian Yurts
- Mudhif Reed Houses
- Native American Architecture
- Natural Homes
- Oklahoma's Indian Architecture
- Sagebrush Vernacular
- Siheyuan Chinese Courtyard House
- TEACH Engineering: Homes for Different Climates
- Techno-Vernacular Creativity & Innovation Book of Activities
- The Nubian Vault
- UNESCO The Vernacular's Return to Favour
- Unique Tiebele, Burkina Faso
- Vernacular Architecture Forum
- Vernacular Homes
- VIDEO Hassan Fathy Architecture for the Poor
- Zambia Vernacular Architecture
Relate
- 7 Natural Wonders
- Adobe
- Architecture
- Architecture and Music
- Biomimicry
- Building Types
- Chinese Architecture
- Cities
- Classical Language
- Climate
- Facade Elements
- Greek Architecture
- Green Building
- Green Cities
- Green Dollhouse
- Green Home
- Green Materials
- Habitat
- Historic Preservation
- Housing Styles
- HOUSING TYPES
- Materials
- Modern Architecture
- Neighborhood
- Prairie Architecture
- ReBUILD
- Recycling
- Roman Architecture
- Roofs
- Shelter
- Structure
- TIny House
- Vernacular Architecture
- Well Being
- Windows