Concrete

Indigenous Nabatea traders in Syria and Jordan constructed floors, houses, and underground concrete cisterns as early as 6500BC. Around 3000BC, the Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to build dried bricks, creating the great Pyramids at Giza. The Chinese built concrete foundations and mortar in the Great Wall. By 600BC, the Romans rebuilt Greek City states, connecting new territories with roads and aqueducts; some of the Roman roads are still serving the public today! The Romans added volcanic ash to a mix of sand, rock, and rubble(gravel), causing it to harden quickly, and developed new structural forms of the arch, the vault, and the dome. In the middle ages, the concrete formulas disappeared until 1414, when people rediscovered manuscripts that recorded the technique for making pozzolan cement. In 1794, the discovery of hydraulic lime by an Englishman, John Smeaton, innovated the process further. In 1824 the ubiquitous Portland cement was introduced by Joseph Aspdin, who burned finely ground chalk and clay to remove carbon dioxide. Research and create a timeline of concrete. In the 19th century concrete was used the world over to create a multitude of new building types- airports, stadiums, skyscrapers. In 2010, the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, Dubai, was constructed mostly of reinforced concrete.
Research and create a Concrete TImeline with key structures throughout history!

As concrete continues to evolve as the world’s most used construction materials, several key buildings, and works by architects share unique accomplishments of experience, logic, structure, beauty, identity. Look at the work of Santiago Calatrava, Tadao Ando, Louis Kahn, and Luigi Nervi to see some of the many beautiful forms and expressions of concrete. From concrete domes, stadiums, airports to thin shell concrete forms, architects innovate with concrete and continue to do so today. Research concrete buildings. Sketch, draw, or Photograph concrete buildings to see how concrete can create beautiful forms. Or make a poster of concrete buildings that interest you. What would you like to make out of concrete?

Some types of concrete used in architecture include ready-mixed or cast in place, pre-cast concrete, and new generation applications. Ready Mixed concrete or formed in place is prepared at local concrete factories and trucked to fill formwork on specific sites; this application represents almost 75% of all concrete used in construction today. Pre-Cast products are molded in factories and include concrete bricks and masonry units, paving stones, structural components, walls, floor and roof panels, and more. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tensile strength. To add tensile abilities to concrete, engineers embed steel, iron, and fibers within the concrete to improve its performance. Tension capabilities in concrete are pre or post-tensioned, depending on structural needs. Pre-tensioned concrete is prepared in the factory and delivered to the site; post-tensioned concrete involves tightening after the pour. Tangents to structural concrete production are cement-based materials, including mortar, grout, and terrazzo. Additional concrete products include numerous aggregates and fibers and create countertops, siding, shingles, and tiles. Look at NEXT.cc Structure and Structural Systems to explore concrete use in construction. Make a poster of concrete buildings and products.

Surface cut or textured colored concrete is known as decorative concrete. When concrete is cut or scored, it creates patterns that last as long as the concrete lasts. Concretes with various additive pigments make a more harmonic drive or walk that matches the colors of the house or building. It can also be stamped and colored to appear like slate, stone, brick, etc. Find examples of decorative concrete in driveways and facades in your city and make a material quilt of the different colors and patterns.

From homes to museums, many architects design buildings with concrete. Tadao Ando, a Japanese architect, builds with concrete. “The light becomes glorious only when it is lit against the background of the deepest darkness. I wanted to abstract nature to the fullest extent and at the same time to purify the architecture correspondingly. The changes of the transitory light remind us anew the relationship between humans and nature.” Tadao Ando

Le Corbusier created new relationships between people and nature in his design of Villa Savoy in France. Raised on concrete pilotis, domestic spaces connected with horizontal views of nature from different levels, including a roof deck. Corbusier;s innovative Unite d'habitation offered two story living spaces that offered views out of both sides of the building.

• The Romans added volcanic ash to a mix of sand, rock, and rubble, which helped their concrete harden quickly.
  • True
  • False
• Tadao Ando, Louis Kahn, and Santiago Calatrava are known for creating innovative concrete designs.
  • True
  • False
• Pre-cast concrete makes up about 75% of all concrete used in construction today.
  • True
  • False:Ready-mixed (cast in place) concrete represents about 75% of concrete used in construction.
• Stamped and colored concrete can be designed to look like brick, stone, or slate.
  • True
  • False
• Computers and digital modeling are helping architects design and fabricate new concrete forms.
  • True
  • False